P1 遗忘的森林

P2 古松树

P3 婴儿知道什么

 

朗阁雅思阅读主讲教师边晓菲点评

1. 本次考试难度中偏难。

2. 整体分析：涉及环境类（P1）、 植物类（P2）与心理类（P3）

3. 主要题型：本次考试难度中偏难。主要考察填空题（15题），判断题（10题），另外出现2种配对， 段落细节配对和完成句子配对，以及选择题（3题）。本次考试P1是传统题型搭配。另外P2有段落细节配对题，相对难度大，耗时较长。P3 是3种常见题型组合，很考验同学们的综合解题能力。

4. P1 遗忘的森林

题型搭配： 填空 9 + 判断 4

参考答案： 

1  nests   

2  tortoise   

3  oaks  

4  lighting   

5  native Americans  

6  prescribed burns  

7  soil   

8  ants  

9  eggs   

10  TRUE   

11 FALSE  

12  NOT GIVEN  

13  TURE  

参考文章：

（Saving a Forgotten forests-- The longleaf pine）

Found only in the Deep South of America, longleaf pine woodlands have dwindled to about 3percent of their former range, but new efforts are under way to restore them.

A

The beauty and the biodiversity of the longleaf pine forest are well-kept secrets, even in its native South. Yet it is among the richest ecosystems in North America, rivaling tall grass prairies and the ancient forests of the Pacific Northwest in the number of species it shelters. And like those two other disappearing wildlife habitats, longleaf is also critically endangered.

B

In longleaf pine forests, trees grow widely scattered, creating an open, park like environment, more like a savanna than a forest. The trees are not so dense as to block the sun. This openness creates a forest floor that is among the most diverse in the world, where plants such as many-flowered grass pinks, trumpet pitcher plants, Venus flytraps, lavender ladies and pineland bog-buttons grow. As many as 50different species of wildflowers, shrubs, grasses and ferns have been cataloged in just a single square meter.

C

Once, nearly 92 million acres of longleaf forest flourished from Virginia to Texas, the only place in the world where it is found. By the turn of the 21st century, however, virtually all of it had been logged, paved or farmed into oblivion. Only about 3 percent of the original range still supports longleaf forest, and only about 10,000 acres of that is uncut old-growth—the rest is forest that has regrown after cutting.

D

Figuring out how to bring back the piney woods also will allow biologists to help the plants and animals that depend on this habitat. Nearly two-thirds of the declining, threatened or endangered species in the southeastern United States are associated with longleaf. The outright destruction of longleaf is only part of their story, says Mark Danaher, the biologist for South Carolina’s Francis Marion National Forest. He says the demise of these animals and plants also is tied to a lack of fire, which once swept through the southern forests on a regular basis. "Fire is absolutely critical for this ecosystem and for the species that depend on it," says Danaher.

E

Name just about any species that occurs in longleaf and you can find a connection to fire. Bachman’s sparrow is a secretive bird with a beautiful song that echoes across the longleaf flatwoods. It tucks its nest on the ground beneath dumps of wiregrass and little bluestem in the open under-story. But once fire has been absent for several years, and a tangle of shrubs starts to grow, the sparrows disappear. Gopher tortoises, the only native land tortoises east of the Mississippi, are also abundant in longleaf. A keystone species for these forests, its burrows provide homes and safety to more than 300 species of vertebrates and invertebrates ranging from eastern diamond-back rattlesnakes to gopher frogs. If fire is suppressed, however, the tortoises are choked out. "If we lose fire," says Bob Mitchell, an ecologist at the Jones Center, "we lose wildlife.’

F

Without fire, we also lose longleaf. Fire knocks back the oaks and other hardwoods that can grow up to overwhelm longleaf forests. "They are fire forests," Mitchell says. "They evolved in the lightning capital of the eastern United States." And it wasn’t only lightning strikes that set the forest aflame. “Native Americans also lit fires to keep the forest open," Mitchell says. “So did the early pioneers. They helped create the longleaf pine forests that we know today."

G

Fire also changes how nutrients flow throughout longleaf ecosystems, in ways we are just beginning to understand. For example, researchers have discovered that frequent fires provide extra calcium, which is critical for egg production, to endangered red-cockaded woodpeckers. Frances James, a retired avian ecologist from Florida State University, has studied these small black-and-white birds for more than two decades in Florida’s sorawling Apalachicola National Forest. When she realised female woodpeckers laid larger clutches in the first breeding season after their territories were burned, she and her colleagues went searching for answers. "We learned calcium is stashed away in woody shrubs when the forest is not burned," James says. "But when there is a fire, a pulse of calcium moves down into the soil and up into the longleaf." Eventually, this calcium makes its way up the food chain to a tree-dwelling species of ant, which is the red-cockaded’s favorite food. The result: more calcium for the birds, which leads to more eggs, more young and more woodpeckers.

H

Today, fire is used as a vital management tool for preserving both longleaf and its wildlife. Most of these fires are prescribed burns, deliberately set with a drip torch. Although the public often opposes any type of fire—and the smoke that goes with it—these frequent, low-intensity bums reduce the risk of catastrophic conflagrations. "Forests are going to bum," says Amadou Diop, NWF’s southern forests restoration manager. "It’s just a question of when. With prescribed bums, we can pick the time and the place."

I

Restoring longleaf is not an easy task. The herbaceous layer—the understory of wiregrasses and other plants, also needs to be re-created. In areas where the land has not been chewed up by farming, but converted to loblolly or slash pine plantations, the seed bank of the longleaf forest usually remains viable beneath the soil. In time, this original vegetation can be coaxed back. Where agriculture has destroyed the seeds, however, wiregrass must be replanted. cost solutions.

J

Bringing back longleaf is not for the short-sighted, however. Few of us will be alive when the pines being planted today become mature forests in 70 to 80 years. But that is not stopping longleaf enthusiasts. "Today, it’s getting hard to find longleaf seedlings to buy," one of the private landowners says. “Everyone wants them. Longleaf is in a resurgence."

5.  P2 古松树

题型搭配：段落细节匹配 7 + 填空 4 + 简答 2

14  I   I段的第5行

15  C  C段的中间第4行

16  D  D段第三行。树的年轮就是过去的记录、现在的记号以及将来的线索。题干的“一份提供过去至现在的可靠记录”与此相符。

17  A   A段第六行。题干的“hostile(敌对的、不利的)”替代了文中的“brutal(残忍的、野蛮的)”，都是形容环境恶劣；而题干的“survived”则体现在第二句“Nevertheless, bristlecone......permanent home”。 G段仅将古松所处的环境形容了一番，既没有A段表达的明显（brutal），也没有表达出survive。

18  B  A段倒七行。四个选项的内容在A段都有出现，但A、C、D内容只是一笔带过，未做过多描述。而A段倒七行至末端都在形容古松的长寿，且最后一句“This intriguing phenomenon will be discussed further on.”更是说明了作者对其长寿的印象深刻。

19  A   G段的第三行，在G段第一句就提到这种古松数量有限，确切的说，主要发现在美国西南部的高地。因此，题干的“在CWM的高地”是更为严谨的表达。

20  D   D段第三行

21  energy   E段第五行

22  stratification   E段的倒七行

23  （bands of）bark,  E段末句

24   （dry mountain） air,  F段第五行。题干中的windy不变，“cold climate”替代了“freezing mountain air”，并列关系中只剩下dry一词，而原文中的“dry, windy, freezing”都是并列形容“mountain air”的，因此答案中“mountain air”可选填。当然条件允许的情况下还是建议完整填写。“slow growth”不在“combined with”后的并列关系中，因此不能作为答案。

25  ground cover,  F段倒四行

26  distance  G段的倒五行。此处的“appear(呈现、显现)”即有“可被观察”之意，因此题干的“observe”替代了“appear”。

 

6. P3  What do babies know?

判断 6 + 句子配对5 + 选择 3

参考答案

27 TRUE

28 NOT GIVEN

29 FALSE

30 NOT GIVEN

31 TRUE

32 FALSE

33 B

34 E

35 A

36 D

37 C

38 B

39 A

40 D

 

文章参考：

What do babies know?

As Daniel Haworth is settled into a high chair and wheeled behind a black screen, a sudden look of worry furrows his 9-month-old brow. His dark blue eyes dart left and right in search of the familiar reassurance of his mother's face. She calls his name and makes soothing noises, but Daniel senses something unusual is happening. He sucks his fingers for comfort, but, finding no solace, his mouth crumples, his body stiffens, and he lets rip an almighty shriek of distress. Mom picks him up, reassures him, and two minutes later, a chortling and alert Daniel returns to the darkened booth behind the screen and submits himself to Babylab, a unit set up in 2005 at the University of Manchester in northwest England to investigate how babies think.

Watching infants piece life together, seeing their senses, emotions and motor skills take shape, is a source of mystery and endless fascination-at least to parents and developmental psychologists. We can decode their signals of distress or read a million messages into their first smile. But how much do we really know about what's going on behind those wide, innocent eyes? How much of their understanding of and response to the world comes preloaded at birth? How much is built from scratch by experience? Such are the questions being explored at Babylab. Though the facility is just 18 months old and has tested only 100 infants, it's already challenging current thinking on what babies know and how they come to know it.

Daniel is now engrossed in watching video clips of a red toy train on a circular track. The train disappears into a tunnel and emerges on the other side. A hidden device above the screen is tracking Daniel's eyes as they follow the train and measuring the diameter of his pupils 50 times a second. As the child gets bored-or "habituated", as psychologists call the process-his attention level steadily drops. But it picks up a little whenever some novelty is introduced. The train might be green, or it might be blue. And sometimes an impossible thing happens-the train goes into the tunnel one color and comes out another.

Variations of experiments like this one, examining infant attention, have been a standard tool of developmental psychology ever since the Swiss pioneer of the field, Jean Piaget, started experimenting on his children in the 1920s. Piaget's work led him to conclude that infants younger than 9 months have no innate knowledge of how the world works or any sense of "object permanence" (that people and things still exist even when they're not seen). Instead, babies must gradually construct this knowledge from experience. Piaget's "constructivist" theories were massively influential on postwar educators and psychologists, but over the past 20 years or so they have been largely set aside by a new generation of "nativist" psychologists and cognitive scientists whose more sophisticated experiments led them to theorize that infants arrive already equipped with some knowledge of the physical world and even rudimentary programming for math and language. Babylab director Sylvain Sirois has been putting these smart-baby theories through a rigorous set of tests. His conclusions so far tend to be more Piagetian: "Babies," he says, "know squat."

 

考试预测

1. 本次考试三篇文章题型搭配和题量总体与以往考试趋势一致。 学生考前应该多多复习巩固老师课堂中所提及的重点题型，以及典型的题型组合形式。下场考试，大家依然要注意的是三大主流必考题型：填空，判断，人名观点配对。除此之外，选择题也不可忽略。

2. 下场考试的话题可能有关历史类、科学类，教育类等。

3.  重点浏览15-18年机经。

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