1.surge = sudden increase = sharp rise = spurt = outbreak 激增

2.advocate （v./n.) = support 支持 = promote = supporter = proponent支持者

3.altered = transformed = changed 改变

4.characteristic = typical = classic 典型的

5.constituent = component 成分

6.consumption = use of products and services 消耗，消费

7.critical = essential = basic = indispensable = fundamental 重要的

8.elaborate = complex = with great details 复杂精细的

9.elevated = high = raised 高的

10.exploit = take advantage of = make use of = use 利用

11.ideally = perfectly 理想地

12.integrated = combined 结合的

13.intermittent = periodical 间歇的，断断续续的

14.launched = started = initiated开始

15.nevertheless = even so = however 尽管如此

16.predominantly = mainly 主要地

17.promote = encourage = stimulate = motivate = foster激励，促进

18.retain = preserve = keep (inside) 保持

19.scattered = spread out = distributed = spread apart = widely separated = dispersed = diffused 分散

20.severity = seriousness = harshness 严重性

21.ultimately = eventually = finally = over time最终

22.abrupt = sudden 突然的

23.accelerated = faster = speeded up 加速的

24.adequate = rich 充足

25.alleged = supposed 声称的，所谓的

26.anticipate = predict预期

27.apparent = seeming表面上的，看起来的

28.compelling = persuasive = convincing有说服力的

29.controversial = debatable 有争议的

30.converge = come together = gather = meet = assemble聚集

31.deliberate = intentional = on purpose 故意的

32.distinct = separate不同的，各自的

33.distinction = difference 差别，区分

34.emergence = appearance/occurrence = rise 出现

35.ensure = guarantee 确保

36.entirely = completely 完全地

37.exhaust = use up 耗尽

38.ingenuity = cleverness = inventiveness 独创性，心灵手巧

39.intermediate = between stages = in-between 中级的

40.manipulate = skillfully used 熟练使用

41.peak = maximum 最大值

42.potential = possible 可能的

43.readily = easily 容易地

44.reinforce = strengthen = make stronger = support 加强

45.remnants = remains = leftovers = remainders 残骸

46.substantially = significantly = massively = considerably = appreciably极大地

47.surplus (a./n.)= excess = extra = excess quantity 过多（的）

48. swift = fast = quick = rapid 快速的

49. unprecedented = never before achieved = never before seen = previously unequaled 史无前例的

50.vulnerable = easily damaged = unprotected 易受伤害的

51.pervasive = widespread = common 广泛的

52.exclusively = only = solely = merely = simply 唯一，仅仅

53.hence = therefore = thereby = thus = consequently = as a result 因此

54.simultaneous = happening/that took place at the same time 同时的

55.derive = capture = obtain = accomplish = achieve= gather 获得

56.gradual = slow 缓慢的

57.presumably = It is reasonable to assume = most likely = probably 想必是

58.abundant = plentiful = considerable = a large amount of = extensive = substantial = massive 大量的

59.assess = evaluate 评估

60.compensate for = make up for补偿

61.drastic = very significant = extreme = intense = exceeding 急剧的

62.lasted = endured持续

63.initially = at first = originally 一开始，起初

64.prosperous = wealthy = thriving 繁荣的

65.pursue = engage in = practice 从事

66.rudimentary = basic = elementary 基本的 = primitive 初步的，未发展的

67.accompany = occur along with 伴随发生

68.adapt = adjust 适应

69.adopt = start to use = embrace 接纳；采用

70.adverse = negative = unfavorable 不利的

71.attest = confirm = provide evidence of 验证，证实

72.besides = in addition to = apart from 此外

73.breakthrough = development 突破，发展

74.calculated = estimated 估算

75.ceased = stopped 停止

76. comparable = similar 同等的，相当的

77.consistent = unvarying 持续的、不变的 = the same each time 一致的，始终的

78.contribute to = add to 促进

79.conventional = standard 惯例的 = traditional 传统的

80.counterpart = equivalent 对应物

81.debate = argue about 争论

82.depositg = put = place = lay 放置

83.detected = noticed 察觉

84.diminish = reduce = decrease减少

85.dismissed = rejected 不予考虑

86.diverse = varied = various 多样的

87.dramatic = striking = remarkable = noticeable 显著的

88.emitted = released 释放

89.enable = allow使……能

90.encounter = come into contact with = meet 遇见

91.era = period = epoch时代

92.explicit = clearly stated 清楚表述的

93.fluctuations = variations 变化，波动

94.foundation = basis 基础

95.function功能 = purpose 目的

96.further = additionally = furthermore = in addition 此外

97.implausible = unlikely = improbable 不可能的

98.implications = consequences 影响，后果（语境）

99.in essence = basically = fundamentally 本质上

100.incentive = motivation = impetus = stimulus = stimulation刺激

101.investigated = studied 研究

102.isolated = widely separated 隔开的 = remote

103.just = fair 公平的

104.lucrative = profitable 有利可图的

105.methodically = systematically 系统性地

106.modest = relatively small  小的

107.occasionally = sometimes 有时

108.on balance = overall 总的来说

109.perceived = seen 视作

110.plausible （借口或解释）合理的= likely 有可能（正确）的 = reasonable 合理的

111.precisely = accurately 精确地

112.prior to = before 在…之前

113.profound=far-reaching = significant 深远的

114.prolong = extend = stretch延长

115.prospective = potential 预期的

116.rival = competing 敌对的，竞争的

117.sculpt = shape 雕刻

118.segregate = separate = divide = detach分离

119.sequences = series 顺序、系列

120.sequentially=one after another连续地

121.slight = small 小的，微弱的

122.sparsely = widely scattered 稀疏地

123.speculate = puts forward as a possibility = guess = hypothesize = postulate假设

124.stagnant = unmoving 停滞的

125.subsistence = survival 生存

126. suspected =thought it likely 有嫌疑的

127.supplement = add to 补充

128.undoubtedly = certainly = without doubt无疑

129.unintentional= unplanned = accidental = inadvertent 无意的

130.vast = extensive = huge = enormous = immense = tremendous 巨大的

131.virtually = nearly = almost几乎

132.conform to = match 使一致       

133.conspicuous = easily noticed = obvious明显的    

134.continuous = uninterrupted 持续的、未被中断的

135.converted = changed 变化    

136.convey = transmit 传递       

137.delicate = fragile 脆弱的    

138.devastate = destroy 破坏    

139.embody = incorporate = encompass包含；体现    

140.end = purpose 目的    

141.engage = are involved in 从事，参与      

142.evident = obvious 明显的    

143.evolved = developed 发展，演化       

144.exceed = be more than = go beyond 超过    

145.exhibits = displays 展示

146.faithfully 忠实地 = accurately 准确地    

147.favorable = advantageous = conducive 有利的    

148.feasible = practical = viable可行的    

149.flourishes = does very well = prospers = thrives 兴盛

150. inhibit = slow down 抑制     

 

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