1.surge = sudden increase = sharp rise = spurt = outbreak 激增

2.alter = transform = change = convert改变

3.characteristic = typical = classic = distinctive个性鲜明的，典型的

4.constituent = component = piece = part成分

5.critical = essential = basic = indispensable = fundamental = key重要的

6.elaborate = complex = with great details = complicated = intricate复杂精细的

7.elevated = high = raised 高的

8.exploit = take advantage of = make use of = use = utilize = harness利用

9.ideal = perfect = optimum 理想的，最优的

10.integrated = combined 结合的

11.intermittent = periodical 间歇的，断断续续的

12.launch = start = initiate开始

13.nevertheless = even so = however = nonetheless 尽管如此

14.predominantly = mainly = mostly主要地

15.promote = encourage = stimulate = motivate = foster激励，促进

16.retain = preserve = keep = hold = conserve保持

17.scatter = spread out = distribute = spread apart = widely separate = disperse = diffuse 分散

18.severity = seriousness = harshness 严重性

19.ultimately = eventually = finally = over time最终

20.adequate = rich = sufficient = enough = plentiful = abundant = copious = considerable = significant充足的，大量的

21.anticipate = predict = expect 预期

22.apparent = seeming表面上的，看起来的

23.compelling = persuasive = convincing有说服力的

24.converge = come together = gather = meet = assemble = aggregate =compile聚集

25.deliberate = intentional = on purpose 故意的

26.distinct = separate不同的，各自的

27.emergence = appearance/occurrence = rise = development出现

28.ensure = guarantee = make sure确保

29.entirely = completely 完全地

30.exhaust = use up = consume耗尽

31.intermediate = between stages = in-between 中级的

32.manipulate = skillfully use 熟练使用

33.peak = maximum = highest point最高点

34.potential = possible = prospective可能的

35.readily = easily 容易地

36.reinforce = strengthen = make stronger = intensify = heighten = increase加强

37.remnants = remains = leftovers = remainders 残骸

38.substantially = significantly = massively = considerably = appreciably = greatly = drastically = extremely = dramatically极大地

39.surplus (a./n.)= excessive = extra = excess quantity 过多（的）

40. swift = fast = quick = rapid 快速的

41. unprecedented = never before achieved = never before seen = previously unequaled 史无前例的

42.vulnerable = easily damaged = unprotected = delicate = fragile易受伤害的

43.pervasive = widespread = common 广泛的

44.exclusively = only = solely = merely = simply 唯一，仅仅

45.hence = therefore = thereby = thus = consequently = as a result 因此

46.simultaneous = happening/that take place at the same time 同时的

47.derive = capture = obtain = accomplish = achieve= gather = acquire 获得

48.gradual = slow 缓慢的

49.presumably = It is reasonable to assume = most likely = probably 想必是

50.assess = evaluate 评估

51.initially = at first = originally 一开始，起初

52.prosperous = wealthy = thriving = flourishing = booming繁荣的

53.pursue = engage in = practice = involve从事

54.rudimentary = basic = elementary 基本的 = primitive = undeveloped初步的，未发展的

55.accompany = occur along with 伴随发生

56.adopt = start to use = embrace 接纳，采用

57.adverse = negative = unfavorable = detrimental = harmful不利的

58.attest = confirm = provide evidence of = verify验证，证实

59.besides = in addition to = apart from = additionally = further = furthermore此外

60.breakthrough = development 突破，发展

61.cease = stop 停止

62.consistent = unvarying 持续的、不变的 = constant= the same each time 一致的，始终的

63.conventional = standard 惯例的 = traditional 传统的

64.counterpart = equivalent 对应物

65.debate = argue about 争论

66.deposit = put = place = lay 放置

67.detect = notice = distinguish察觉

68.diminish = reduce = decrease = detract减少

69.dismiss = reject 不予考虑

70.diverse = varied = various = assorted多样的

71.dramatic = striking = remarkable = noticeable = impressive 显著的

72.emit = release 释放

73.enable = allow使……能

74.encounter = come into contact with = meet 遇见

75.era = period = epoch时代

76.explicit = clearly stated 清楚表述的

77.fluctuation = variation = difference = change 变化，波动

78.foundation = basis 基础

79.function功能 = purpose = end目的

80.plausible = likely = probable = reasonable可能的，合理的

81.implication = consequence = aftermath影响，后果

82.in essence = basically = fundamentally = intrinsically = essentially = inherently = naturally本质上

83.incentive = motivation = impetus = stimulus = stimulation刺激

84.isolated = widely separated 隔开的 = remote

85.lucrative = profitable 有利可图的

86.methodically = systematically 系统性地

87.modest = relatively small = little 小的，少的

88.occasionally = sometimes 有时

89.on balance = overall 总的来说

90.perceive = see = regard = consider视作

91.precise = accurate = exact 精确的

92.prior to = before 在…之前

93.profound= far-reaching = significant 深远的

94.prolong = extend = stretch延长

95.rival = competing 敌对的，竞争的

96.segregate = separate = divide = detach分离

97.sparsely = widely scattered 稀疏地

98.speculate = put forward as a possibility = guess = hypothesize = postulate = propose假设

99.stagnant = unmoving = stationary = static = fixed停滞的，不动的

100.supplement = add to 补充

101.undoubtedly = certainly = without doubt= surely = inevitably = unavoidably无疑

102.unintentional= unplanned = accidental = inadvertent 无意的

103.vast = extensive = huge = enormous = immense = tremendous 巨大的

104.virtually = nearly = almost几乎

105.conform to = match = correspond to = agree with与…一致       

106.conspicuous = easily noticed = obvious = evident明显的    

107.continuous = uninterrupted = continuing = ongoing = relentless = without pause持续的、未被中断的   

108.convey = transmit = communicate传递           

109.devastate = destroy = damage破坏    

110.embody = incorporate = encompass = represent 包含，体现               

111.evolve = develop 发展      

112.exceed = be more than = go beyond = transcend = overtake = surpass 超过    

113.exhibit = display = reveal = show 表明  

114.faithfully 忠实地 = accurately 准确地    

115.favorable = advantageous = conducive 有利的    

116.feasible = practical = viable可行的    

117.inhibit = slow down = impede = restrict = restrain = retard = limit抑制，阻碍 

118.prevailing = generally accepted = dominating普遍的，盛行的

119.compile = put together = collate汇编

120.exquisitely 精美地 = perfectly精美地

121.insist 坚称 = state forcefully

122.interpret = understand 理解 = appreciate

123.assertion = claim 断言

124.routinely = often 通常地

125.disrupted 扰乱的 = disordered 混乱的

126.accommodate 容纳 = allow

127.artificial = not real 人工的 

128.exceedingly = extremely极其地

129.conceal = hide 隐藏

130.opaque = nontransparent 不透明的

131.abrupt = sudden 突然的 

132.accordingly = correspondingly 相应地

133.cluster = group 群

134.theoretically = in principle 理论上

135.roughly = approximately 大约

136.reluctantly = unwillingly 不情愿地

137.be accustomed to = be used to 习惯于

138.vigorous = energetic = lively充满活力的

139.seldom = rarely 很少

140.suitable = appropriate = hospitable合适的

141.mount = grow = increase = go up = ascend上升

142.incredibly = amazingly 难以置信地

143.account for = explain 解释

144.vicinity = neighborhood = region附近地区

145.extract = remove 提取

146.margin = limit 界限

147.inspect = examine 检查

148.ingenuity = cleverness 心灵手巧，聪明才智

149.decisive = determining 决定性的

150.parallel = match = equal比得上

151.dense = thick 浓密的

152.discard = abandon = no longer occupy遗弃

153.mutual = shared 互相的

154.compensate = make up for 弥补

155.refuge = protect = preserve = conserve保护

156.critically = dangerously 危急地

157.last = endure 持续

158.similarly = likewise 类似地

159.imply = suggest 暗示

160.proximity = closeness接近

161.intense = strong 强烈的

162.pierce = break through= penetrate = permeate刺穿

163.resemble = be similar to 与...相似

164.relatively = comparatively 相对地

165.tactic = strategy = plan 策略

166.respective = in the order presented 各自的，分别的

167.intended = desired 想要的

168.subsequent = later 随后的

169.assume = take on 承担

170.renew = restore = rekindle恢复

171.attribute to = associate with = connect with = relate to 将…归因于…

172.successive = following 接续的

173.vanish = disappear 消失

174.genuine = real = authentic真正的

175.hitherto = up to now 迄今

176.unique = one-of-a kind = different独特的

177.progressively = increasingly 越来越

178.flexible = bendable 可弯曲的

179.mobilize = activate = put into action 动员

180.envision = imagine 想象

181.contradictory = conflicting 冲突的

182.manifestation = expression 显示

183.formulate = create形成

184.ambiguous = unclear 模棱两可的

185.convenient = easy to use 便利的

186.trace = evidence 痕迹

187.initiative = action/proposal 计划，提议

188.obliged = forced 被迫的

189.rapport 融洽，和谐 = bond纽带

190.thrill = excitement 激动

191.vitality = energy活力

192.advent = arrival 到来

193.deviate = depart 偏离

194.allege = suppose 声称

195.controversial = debatable 有争议的

196.inconclusive = not decisive 非决定性的

197.mechanism = means = method机制，方法

198.keep in check = prevent 阻止

199.precious = valued 珍贵的

200.durable = lasting 持久的

 

文中图片素材来源网络，如有侵权请联系删除