P1 Classifying Societies

P2 Man or Machine

P3 How Scientists Think of Science

朗阁教师冯昳点评

1. 本次考试：难度中等。

2. 整体分析：涉及历史文化类（P1）、科学类（P2）和科学类（P3）。

   本场考试常规题型偏多，第一篇为判断及填空，比较轻松，同时文章有小标题，逻辑思路明显；第二篇文章为段落信息配对题和Summary填空题的搭配题型；第三篇题型搭配不详，但据考生反应难度较高，需灵活运用技巧以提高做题正确率。

3. 主要题型：

   本次考试题型常规。主流题型仍然是填空和判断，同时段落信息配对题也是考生需要重点准备的题型。

4. 文章分析：

   第一篇文章主要介绍人类部落社会发展阶段的过程。

   第二篇文章主要介绍仿生机器人在各国的发展，同时指出了其发展的难点和未来的攻克点。

   第三篇文章主要介绍科学家如何看待他们所研究的科学。

5. 部分答案及参考文章：

Passage 1：Classifying Societies

题型搭配：判断7+填空6

原文参考：

Although humans have established many types of societies throughout history, sociologists and anthropologists tend to classify different societies according to the degree to which different groups within a society have unequal access to advantages such as resources, prestige or power, and usually refer to four basic types of societies. From least to most socially complex they are clans, tribes, chiefdoms and states.

Clan

These are small-scale societies of hunters and gatherers, generally of fewer than 100 people, who move seasonally to exploit wild (undomesticated) food resources. Most surviving hunter-gatherer groups are of this kind, such as the Hadza of Tanzania or the San of southern Africa. Clan members are generally kinsfolk, related by descent or marriage. Clans lack formal leaders, so there are no marked economic differences or disparities in status among their members. Because clans are composed of mobile groups of hunter-gatherers, their sites consist mainly of seasonally occupied camps, and other smaller and more specialised sites. Among the latter are kill or butchery sites—locations where large mammals are killed and sometimes butchered-and work sites, where tools are made or other specific activities carried out. The base camp of such a group may give evidence of rather insubstantial dwellings or temporary shelters, along with the debris of residential occupation.

Tribe

These are generally larger than mobile hunter-gatherer groups, but rarely number more than a few thousand, and their diet or subsistence is based largely on cultivated plants and domesticated animals. Typically, they are settled farmers, but they may be nomadic with a very different, mobile economy based on the intensive exploitation of livestock. These are generally multi-community societies, with the individual communities integrated into the larger society through kinship ties. Although some tribes have officials and even a  ‘capital’ or seat of government, such officials lack the economic base necessary for effective use of power. The typical settlement pattern for tribes is one of settled agricultural homesteads or villages.  Characteristically, no one settlement dominates any of the others in the region. Instead, the archaeologist finds evidence for isolated, permanently occupied houses or for permanent villages. Such villages may be made up of a collection of flee-standing houses, like those of the first farms of the Danube valley in Europe. Or they may be clusters of buildings grouped together, for example, the pueblos of the American Southwest, and the early farming village or small town of Çatalhöyük in modern Turkey.

Chiefdom

These operate on the principle of ranking-differences in social status between people. Different lineages (a lineage is a group claiming descent from a common ancestor) are graded on a scale of prestige, and the senior lineage, and hence the society as a whole, is governed by a chief. Prestige and rank are determined by how closely related one is to the chief, and there is no true stratification into classes. The role of the chief is crucial. Often, there is local specialisation in craft products, and surpluses of these and of foodstuffs are periodically paid as obligation to the chief. He uses these to maintain his retainers, and may use them for redistribution to his subjects. The chiefdom generally has a center of power, often with temples, residences of the chief and his retainers, and craft specialists. Chiefdoms vary greatly in size, but the range is generally between about 5000 and 20, 000 persons.

Early State

These preserve many of the features of chiefdoms, but the ruler (perhaps a king or sometimes a queen) has explicit authority to establish laws and also to enforce them by the use of a standing army Society no longer depends totally upon kin relationships: it is now stratified into different classes. Agricultural workers and the poorer urban dwellers form the lowest classes, with the craft specialists above, and the priests and kinsfolk of the ruler higher still. The functions of the ruler are often separated from those of the priest: palace is distinguished from temple. The society is viewed as a territory owned by the ruling lineage and populated by tenants who have an obligation to pay taxes. The central capital houses a bureaucratic administration of officials; one of their principal purposes is to collect revenue (often in the form of taxes and tolls) and distribute it to government, army and craft specialists. Many early states developed complex redistribution systems to support these essential services. This rather simple social typology, set out by Elman Service and elaborated by William Sanders and Joseph Marino, can be criticised, and it should not be used unthinkingly. Nevertheless, if we are seeking to talk about early societies, we must use words and hence concepts to do so. Service’s categories provide a good framework to help organise our thoughts.

1. TRUE

2. NOT GIVEN

3. FALSE

4. FALSE

5. TRUE

6. TRUE

7. NOT GIVEN

8. tools

9. nomadic

10. grouped(together)

11. foodstuffs

12. 20000

13. craft specialists

技巧分析：本文是常规的判断和填空搭配题型。考生在定位时应注意填空题第一题的定位，以防全篇交叉出题；同时在做题方式上应该快速组合定位到原文出题区域，选出答案，保证正确率和速度！

Passage 2：Man or Machine

题型：段落信息匹配6＋Summary填空7

原文参考：

A. During July 2003, the Museum of Science in Cambridge, Massachusetts exhibited what Honda calls 'the world's most advanced humanoid robot', AS1MO (the Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility). Honda's brainchild is on tour in North America and delighting audiences wherever it goes. After 17 years in the making, ASIMO stands at four feet tall, weighs around 115 pounds and looks like a child in an astronaut's suit. Though it is difficult to see ASIMO's face at a distance, on closer inspection it has a smile and two large eyes' that conceal cameras. The robot cannot work autonomously - its actions are 'remote controlled' by scientists through the computer in its backpack. Yet watching ASMIO perform at a show in Massachusetts it seemed uncannily human. The audience cheered as ASIMO walked forwards and backwards, side to side and up and downstairs. After the show, a number of people told me that they would like robots to play more of a role in daily life - one even said that the robot would be like 'another person'.

B. While the Japanese have made huge strides in solving some of the engineering problems of human kinetics (n.动力学) and bipedal (adj. 两足动物的) movements, for the past 10 years scientists at MIT's former Artificial Intelligence (Al) lab (recently renamed the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, CSAIL) have been making robots that can behave like humans and interact with humans. One of MITs robots, Kismet, is an anthropomorphic (adj.拟人的) head and has two eyes (complete with eyelids), ears, a mouth, and eyebrows. It has several facial expressions, including happy, sad, frightened and disgusted. Human interlocutors are able to read some of the robot’s facial expressions, and often change their behavior towards the machine as a result - for example, playing with it when it appears ‘sad’. Kismet is now in MIT’s museum, but the ideas developed here continue to be explored in new robots.

C. Cog (short for Cognition) is another pioneering project from MIT’s former AI lab. Cog has a head, eyes, two arms, hands and a torso (n.躯干) - and its proportions were originally measured from the body of a researcher in the lab. The work on Cog has been used to test theories of embodiment and developmental robotics, particularly getting a robot to develop intelligence by responding to its environment via sensors, and to learn through these types of interactions.

D. MIT is getting furthest down the road to creating human-like and interactive robots. Some scientists argue that ASIMO is a great engineering feat but not an intelligent machine - because it is unable to interact autonomously with unpredictability in its environment in meaningful ways, and learn from experience. Robots like Cog and Kismet and new robots at MIT’s CSAIL and media lab, however, are beginning to do this.

E. These are exciting developments. Creating a machine that can walk, make gestures and learn from its environment is an amazing achievement. And watch this space: these achievements are likely rapidly to be improved upon. Humanoid robots could have a plethora of uses in society, helping to free people from everyday tasks. In japan, for example, there is an aim to create robots that can do the tasks similar to an average human, and also act in more sophisticated situations as firefighters, astronauts or medical assistants to the elderly in the workplace and in homes - partly in order to counterbalance the effects of an ageing population.

F. Such robots say much about the way in which we view humanity, and they bring out the best and worst of us. On one hand, these developments express human creativity - our ability to invent, experiment, and to extend our control over the world. On the other hand, the aim to create a robot like a human being is spurred on by dehumanized ideas - by the sense that human companionship can be substituted by machines; that humans lose their humanity when they interact with technology; or that we are little more than surface and ritual behaviors, that can be simulated with metal and electrical circuits.

14. E

15. C

16. F

17. D

18. F

19. B

20. 17 years

21. backpack

22. interact with

23. facial expressions

24. cognition

25. sensors

26. intelligence

技巧分析：此题是段落信息匹配和Summary填空搭配的题型。相对来说，仅有两种题型搭配的文章放在第二篇，这无疑增加了考生的信心；但在此情况下，考生一定要保证做题的正确率，切不可凭感觉泛泛了之。这两种题型在攻克时需要注重加强定位（组合定位）和理解。Summary填空题较难定位，注意使用空白段原则，先从易定位题型下手，考虑跳段情况；同时，在攻克段落信息匹配题时应注意从简单的题开始，注意留意全文出题涉及的范围和段落。

Passage 3：How Scientists Think of Science

题型：待补充

原文待补充

答案待补充

 

技巧分析待补充

考试预测

1. 2019年11月第二场考试，难度中等。根据全年考试特点来看，配对题中段落信息匹配题仍然为重中之重，考生应着重此题型和其套题的相关练习。

2. 下场考试的话题可能有关科学类，传记类和社会生活类。

 

3. 重点浏览2015年机经。

 

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