1. abruptly = suddenly 突然地

2. accelerated = speeded up加速

3. accommodated = allowed 容纳

4. accordingly = correspondingly 相应地

5. accounts for = explains 解释

6. accustomed to = used to 习惯于

7. advent = arrival 到来

8. advocate = support 拥护支持

9. afforded = provided 提供（的）

10. aggregate = collection 合集

11. altered = transformed 改变

12. anchored = held in place 用锚系住

13. anticipate = predict 预期

14. apparently affects = seem to affect 似乎影响了...

15. appropriate=suitable 恰当的

16. ascend = go up = mounted = grew 上升

17. assertion = claim = pronouncement = statement =  formulation 陈述，声明

18. assess = evaluate 评估，评价

19. assume = take on(熟词僻意，这里是承担的意思)

20. attest = confirm = prove = verify 验证，证实

21. autonomous = independent 独立自主的

22. barring = excluding 把……除外

23. burdensome = difficult 繁重的

24. ceased = stopped 停止

25. cited = mentioned 引用

26. classic = specified = typical 典型的

27. cluster = group 群

28. collated = assembled 整合

29. comparable = similar = likewise = resembled 类似地

30. compelled = required 强迫的

31. compelling = persuasive 有说服力的

32. compensated = made up for 弥补

33. compiled = put together 编纂

34. compounded = supplement = added to 使增加、补充

35. conceal = hide 隐藏

36. concentrated = gathered 集中

37. consistent = the same 一致的

38. constituent = component 组成

39. continually =continuous=uninterrupted = unvarying 持续的、未被中断的 = regularly 定期地

40. conventional = traditional 传统的

41. converge on = meet at交汇

42. copious = abundant = plentiful = considerable = significant = substantial = sufficient 大量的 = in profusion

43. counterpart = equivalent 对应物

44. critically = dangerously 危急地

45. cycle = pattern of events that repeats itself 循环

46. debate = argue about 争论

47. deciphering = figuring out 辨认

48. decisive = determining 决定性的

49. deliberate = intentional 故意的

50. depositing = putting 放置

51. detected = noticed = discovered = distinguish 发现、探明；识别

52. distortions = irregularities 扭曲

53. dismissed=rejected 拒绝、否定

54. dispersed = diffuse = spread = scattered 消散弥漫

55. disrupted = disordered 混乱的

56. distinct = clear = explicit = clearly expressed = clearly stated 明显的，清晰的

57. distinctive = characteristic 独特的

58. diverse = varied 不同的

59. drastic = very significant = exceeding = extreme = intense = strong 急剧的

60. elevated = high 高的

61. emergence = development = rise 出现

62. emitted = released 释放

63. enormous = huge = vast = extensive =large 巨大的

64. ensured = guaranteed 确保

65. eradicated = erased = eliminated 消除

66. eventually = finally = over time 最终

67. evident = clear 明显的

68. exclusively = only = solely = merely 仅仅

69. exercise = apply = harness = utilize 运用

70. expel from = left from 从...中排除

71. exquisitely = perfectly 精巧地，优美地

72. extracts = removes 提取

73. flee=run away 逃跑

74. flexible = bendable 可弯曲的

75. fluctuations=variations变化，波动

76. focused = concentrated 集中的

77. foundation = basis基础

78. frigid =cold 寒冷的

79. function = purpose 功能

80. further=additionally此外

81. generally=usually 通常

82. gradual = slow 逐渐的

83. hastening = hurrying 加速

84. hierarchy = system of ranking 等级

85. ideally=perfectly 理想的、完美的

86. identifiable = recognizable 可辨认的

87. imminent = about to happen 即将到来的

88. impeded=restricted阻碍

89. implications = consequences 后果

90. imply = suggest 暗示

91. in response to = as a result of 对…的回应

92. incredibly = amazingly 难以置信地

93. indefinitely = without limit = endlessly 不限期地

94. indispensable = essential 不可或缺的

95. inevitable = certain 必然地

96. ingenuity = cleverness 心灵手巧

97. ingestion = swallowing 吞咽，进食

98. inhibit=slow down抑制，使…放慢

99. initiate = launch = start 开始 = introduce 引入 = wrought = created 引起

100. innovation = change 创新

101. insisting = stating forcefully 坚持认为、坚称

102. inspect = examine 检查

103. install = put in place 安装

104. integration = unity = combination 集合

105. intended = desired 想要的

106. intermediate = between stages 中级的

107. interpret = understand = appreciation 理解

108. irritating=annoying激怒

109. isolated = widely separated隔离的

110. lasted = endured 持续

111. leftover = remaining 剩余的

112. lucrative = payable 有利可图的

113. many-segmented = are divided into several parts 分割成很多部分的

114. margins = limit = constrains 边缘，限制

115. marvelous = wonderful 了不起的

116. matches = agrees with 符合

117. modest = moderate = slightly = by very small amounts 少量的

118. more permeable=had more places where crossings could occur 更易渗透

119. motives = reasons动机

120. mundane = ordinary 普通的

121. mutual = shared互相的

122. net = final 最终的

123. nevertheless = even so = however 尽管如此

124. obligations = responsibilities 义务

125. opaque = nontransparent 不透明的

126. ornamented = decorated 装饰

127. parallel = happen at the same time and rate 平行运行

128. parameters = factors 因素

129. peak = high point 最高点

130. perceive = see 感知

131. pierced = broke through刺穿

132. plausible = likely 有可能（正确）的

133. pointless = of no use 无意义的

134. portable = movable可携带的

135. postulate = propose假定

136. predominate = are in the majority 占主导的

137. prevailing = generally accepted 普遍的，盛行的

138. prior to = before 在之前

139. profoundly=deeply 深入地

140. progressively = increasingly 越来越

141. prolong = extended = lengthened 延长

142. prompted = stimulated = encouraged 激起，促使

143. proportions = growth 大小

144. proximity = closeness接近

145. pursue=engage in追求、从事

146. readily = easily 轻易地 = quickly 迅速地

147. refine = improve = perfect 完善

148. refuge = protected 保护

149. regardless of = no matter 不管，不论

150. rekindled = renewed 恢复

151. relatively = comparatively 相对地

152. reluctantly = unwillingly 不情愿地

153. remnants = remainders = remains 剩余物

154. remote = isolated 偏僻的，疏远的

155. renewed=restored修复，恢复

156. resolve = settle 解决

157. respective = in the order presented 各自的，分别的

158. retarding = slowing 迟滞，延迟

159. revealed = showed 显示

160. ringed=surrounded环绕

161. rival = competing 敌对的，竞争的

162. roughly = approximately 大约

163. routinely = often 通常地

164. rudimentary = primitive = simple 基础的，初步的，未发展的

165. sabotage = intentionally damage 故意破坏

166. sculpt = shape 雕刻

167. seldom = rarely 很少

168. signifying = indicating 表明

169. soared = increased dramatically = surge = sudden increase 激增

170. sophisticated = highly developed 发达的

171. sophistication = complexity 复杂性

172. stagnation = lack the growth 停滞

173. stamina = endurance 耐力

174. strictly = exist in aquatic environments only （语境）只，仅仅，严格意义上说

175. subsequent = later = succeeding = following 随后的

176. sufficiently = enough 充分地

177. suitable = appropriate 合适的

178. surely = certainly 确定地

179. surplus = extra 额外的

180. suspected =thought it likely 有嫌疑的

181. suspicion = distrust = skepticism=doubt 怀疑

182. sustain=continue = maintain = keep = preserve 保持，维持 = support 支撑

183. tactic = strategy 策略

184. tending=taking care of 照料

185. the aftermath of a founder event = the situation that results from a founder event 事件开端造成的后果

186. the course of change = the way the change developed 变化过程

187. their components = what they consist of组成部分

188. theoretically = in principle 理论上

189. thereby = thus = consequently 因此

190. ties =connections 联系

191. to capacity = used to its full agricultural potential 发挥作用

192. unfavorable =negative不利的

193. unprecedented = previously unequaled 空前的，前所未有的

194. vanishes = disappears 消失

195. vicinity = neighborhood 临近，周边地区

196. vigorous = energetic 活跃的 = lively有活力的 = strong 强烈的

197. a case in point = a good example 恰当的例子

198. a good candidate for past life = originally had some Earthlike forms of life 本身具备生命痕迹

199. adaptable to the iron technology = could be used with the iron technology 适应制铁技术

200. almost universal among fish = used by almost all fish 在鱼中很普遍，很常用

 

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