1. abrupt = sudden 突然的

2. accordingly = correspondingly 相应地

3. accounts for =explains 解释

4. adapt = adjust 适应

5. adjacent = nearby邻近的

6. adverse = unfavorable 不利的

7. advocated = promoted 提倡、鼓励

8. aggregation = accumulation 积聚

9. aided = helped 帮助

10. alleged = supposed 所谓的

11. ambiguous = can be interpreted in more than one way 可以用多种方式解释的

12. analogous = similar to 与...相似

13. apparent = obvious = evident = clear 明显的

14. at intervals = periodically时不时地

15. autonomous = independent 独立自主的

16. avid = enthusiastic 热心的

17. bizarre = strange 奇怪的

18. ceases = stops 停止

19. classic=typical典型的

20. cluster = group 群

21. commonplace = ordinary 平凡的

22. compelled = required 强迫的

23. complexity = sophistication复杂

24. components = pieces 组成部分

25. Consequently = therefore 因此

26. considerable = significant 大量的

27. constant = occurring periodically 连续的

28. constrained to = forced to 受约束，被迫

29. consumed=used up消耗（尽）

30. contribute to=add to促进

31. controversial = debatable 有争议的

32. corresponds to = matches匹配 = agrees with 符合

33. crucial = very important = significant = considerable 重要的

34. deliberately = intentionally 故意地

35. detach = separate 使分离

36. detected =discovered 发现、探明

37. discrete = separate不连续的

38. distinct = clear 清楚的 = separate 不同的，各自的

39. edge = advantage 优势

40. enabling = allowing = making possible使可能

41. encountered = came into contact with 遇见

42. enormous = huge 巨大的

43. ensured = guaranteed 确保

44. erased = eliminated 消除

45. eventually = finally 最终

46. evolved = developed 进化，发展

47. exclusively = solely 仅仅

48. exhaust=use up=extremely tire 使耗尽

49. exploited = used 利用

50. extensive =large 庞大的

51. feasible = practical 可行的

52. fostered= encouraged 促进、鼓励

53. frigid =cold 寒冷的

54. furthermore=in addition此外

55. gradual = slow 缓慢的

56. hazardous = dangerous 危险的

57. implement = carry out 实施

58. implications = consequences 暗示（的结果）

59. impressive = striking 引人瞩目的

60. in essence = basically 本质上

61. in profusion = prolifically = abundantly = substantially = considerably = sufficiently = significantly 大量的

62. incited = stimulated 刺激

63. inconclusive = not decisive 无定论的

64. inevitable = certain 必然地

65. ingenuity = creativity 独创性

66. innovation = change 创新

67. integrated = combined 结合的

68. isolated = widely separated 隔离的

69. keen = intense 强烈的

70. leftover = remaining 剩余的

71. manipulated = skillfully used 巧妙处置

72. mobilize = put into action 动员

73. modest = relatively small = minute = tiny 微小的

74. monumental = enormous 巨大的

75. motivated = encouraged 激发，鼓励（最大干扰项made it possible for）

76. mutual = shared 互相的

77. obligations = responsibilities 义务

78. on balance=overall = general 总的来说

79. ongoing = continuing持续

80. ornament = decoration 装饰

81. outweighs = exceeds 超过

82. peak = the high point 顶峰 = maximum 最高

83. pertinent = relevant 相关的

84. pioneering = original 最初的

85. plague = cause trouble for 招致问题

86. portrayed = represented 表示，表现，说明

87. practically = almost 几乎

88. premise = assumption 假定

89. preserving = maintaining 保留

90. prior to = before 在之前

91. profound = significant 深远的，重大的 = severe 深刻的

92. proliferate = increase 激增

93. prolific = highly productive多产的

94. prolonged = extended 延长

95. properties = characteristics 特点

96. pursue = practice 执行

97. readily = easily 轻易地

98. relentless = without pause 不间断的

99. remarkable = impressive 杰出的

100. remnants=remains残余物

101. restricted = limited 受限的

102. retained = kept 保持

103. ringed=surrounded环绕

104. rival = competing 敌对的，竞争的

105. rudimentary = primitive 原始的

106. scale = size 规模、大小

107. self-sufficient = independent 自给自足的

108. stagnation = lack the growth 停滞

109. steadily = continually 稳定持续地

110. subsistence = survival生存

111. succeeding = following 随后的

112. supplement = add to补充

113. sustained = continued 持续

114. swift = fast 快速的

115. ties =connections 联系

116. to some degree = to a certain extent 某种程度上

117. undertook = began 着手

118. vicinity=region（临近）地区

119. vigorous=lively有活力的

120. was accompanied by = occurred together with 伴随着

 

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