1. abandoned = no longer occupied抛弃

2. abruptly = suddenly 突然地

3. acceleration = speeding up 加速

4. accessible = available 可得到的

5. accommodated = allowed 容纳

6. accordingly = correspondingly 相应地

7. accounts for = explains 解释

8. accustomed to = used to 习惯于

9. advent = arrival 到来

10. advocate = support 拥护支持

11. afforded = provided 提供（的）

12. aggregate = collection 合集

13. altered = transformed 改变

14. anchored = held in place 用锚系住

15. anticipate = predict 预期

16. apparently affects = seem to affect 似乎影响了...

17. appropriate=suitable 恰当的

18. artificial = human-made人造的

19. ascend = go up = mounted = grew 上升

20. assertion = claim = pronouncement = statement =  formulation = allegation 陈述，声明

21. assume = take on(熟词僻意，这里是承担的意思)

22. attest = confirm = prove = verify 验证，证实

23. baffled = puzzled 使困惑

24. barring = excluding 把……除外

25. basics = essentials 必不可少的东西，实质=indispensable不可或缺的

26. burdensome = difficult 繁重的

27. ceased = stopped 停止

28. cited = mentioned 引用

29. classic = specified = typical 典型的

30. cluster = group 群

31. collapsed = fell inward 崩溃，瓦解

32. collated = assembled 整合

33. comparable = similar = likewise = resembled 类似地

34. compelled = required 强迫的

35. compelling = persuasive 有说服力的

36. compensated = made up for 弥补

37. compiled = put together 编纂

38. compounded = supplement = added to 使增加、补充

39. concentrations = dense groupings聚集物

40. confirming = proving = asserting 确认，证明

41. consensus = widespread agreement 共识

42. consistent = the same 一致的

43. constituent = component 组成

44. contemplated = thought 计划，深思

45. continually =continuous=uninterrupted = unvarying 持续的、未被中断的 = regularly 定期地

46. controversial = debatable 有争议的

47. conventional = traditional 传统的

48. converge on = meet at交汇

49. copious = abundant = plentiful = considerable = significant = substantial = sufficient 大量的 = in profusion

50. core = center中心

51. counterpart = equivalent 对应物

52. critically = dangerously 危急地

53. cycle = pattern of events that repeats itself 循环

54. debate = argue about 争论

55. deciphering = figuring out 辨认

56. decisive = determining 决定性的

57. deliberate = intentional 故意的

58. depositing = putting 放置

59. derived = obtained获得

60. detected = noticed = discovered = distinguish 发现、探明；识别

61. diminished = reduced减少

62. discarded = abandoned 放弃

63. dismissed=rejected 拒绝、否定

64. dispersed = diffuse = spread = scattered 消散弥漫

65. disrupted = disordered 混乱的

66. distinct = clear = explicit = clearly expressed = clearly stated 明显的，清晰的

67. distinctive = characteristic 独特的

68. distortions = irregularities 扭曲

69. diverse = varied 不同的

70. dramatic = striking = impressive 引人注目的

71. drastic = very significant = exceeding = extreme = intense = strong 急剧的

72. duration = length of time持续时间

73. elaborately = with great details详细地 = complex 复杂精细的

74. elevated = high = raised 高的

75. emergence = development = rise 出现

76. emitted = released 释放

77. enormous = huge = vast = extensive =large 巨大的

78. ensured = guaranteed 确保

79. entirely = completely完全地

80. eradicated = erased = eliminated 消除

81. eventually = finally = over time 最终

82. evident = clear 明显的

83. exercise = apply = harness = utilize 运用

84. expel from = left from 从...中排除

85. exquisitely = perfectly 精巧地，优美地

86. extracts = removes 提取

87. flee=run away 逃跑

88. flexible = bendable 可弯曲的

89. fluctuations=variations变化，波动

90. focused = concentrated 集中的

91. formulated = created 形成

92. frigid =cold 寒冷的

93. fundamental = basic 基本的

94. further=additionally此外

95. generation = production 产生

96. gradual = slow 逐渐的

97. hastening = hurrying 加速

98. hierarchy = system of ranking 等级

99. hollow = empty 空的

100. ideally=perfectly 理想的、完美的

101. identifiable = recognizable 可辨认的

102. imminent = about to happen 即将到来的

103. impetus = incentive 动力

104. implications = consequences 后果

105. imply = suggest 暗示

106. in response to = as a result of 对…的回应

107. in retrospect = in reconsidering the past 回顾，追溯

108. inconclusive = not decisive 非决定性的

109. incredibly = amazingly 难以置信地

110. indefinitely = without limit = endlessly 不限期地

111. inevitable = certain 必然地 = unavoidable 不可避免的

112. ingenuity = cleverness 心灵手巧

113. ingestion = swallowing 吞咽，进食

114. inhibit=slow down抑制，使…放慢 = impeded=restricted 阻碍

115. initiate = launch = start 开始 = introduce 引入 = wrought = created 引起

116. innovation = change 创新

117. insisting = stating forcefully 坚持认为、坚称

118. inspect = examine 检查

119. install = put in place 安装

120. integration = unity = combination 集合

121. intended = desired 想要的

122. intense = extreme 强烈的

123. intensity = strength 强度

124. intermediate = between stages 中级的

125. intermittently = periodically间歇地

126. interpret = understand = appreciation 理解

127. intimately = closely 密切的

128. intricate=complicated 复杂的

129. irritating=annoying激怒

130. isolated = widely separated隔离的

131. lasted = endured 持续

132. leftover = remaining 剩余的

133. linger = stroll 徘徊，停留，继续存留

134. lucrative = payable = profitable 有利可图的

135. lure = attract 吸引

136. Mainstay = foundation 基础

137. mandated = required 命令；授权

138. manifest = express 表达

139. manipulated=skillfully used操纵

140. many-segmented = are divided into several parts 分割成很多部分的

141. margins = limit = constrains 边缘，限制

142. marvelous = wonderful 了不起的

143. matches = agrees with 符合

144. minimizing = reducing to the smallest degree 最小化

145. modest = moderate = slightly = by very small amounts 少量的

146. monumental=enormous非常的

147. more permeable=had more places where crossings could occur 更易渗透

148. mortality = death死亡

149. most attainable = easiest to reach 最能达到的

150. motives = reasons动机

151. mundane = ordinary 普通的

152. mutual = shared互相的

153. myriad = countless 数不清的，大量的

154. net = final 最终的

155. obligations = responsibilities 义务

156. obscure = hide= conceal 隐藏

157. ongoing = continuing 正在进行的

158. opaque = nontransparent 不透明的

159. ornamented = decorated 装饰

160. parallel = happen at the same time and rate 平行运行

161. parameters = factors 因素

162. particularly = especially 尤其

163. peak = high point 最高点

164. perceive = see 感知

165. pierced = broke through刺穿

166. plausible = likely 有可能（正确）的

167. pointless = of no use 无意义的

168. pondered = thought about 考虑，沉思

169. portable = movable可携带的

170. postulate = propose假定

171. Predecessor = manufacturers who came before the Romans 前人

172. predominate = are in the majority = mostly占主导的

173. presumably = probably 想必，大概

174. presumed = supposed假设

175. prevailing = generally accepted 普遍的，盛行的

176. prior to = before 在之前

177. profoundly=deeply 深入地

178. progressively = increasingly 越来越

179. prolong = extended = lengthened 延长

180. prompted = stimulated = encouraged 激起，促使

181. proportions = growth 大小

182. proximity = closeness接近

183. pursue=engage in = practice 追求、从事

184. random = chance 偶然的

185. readily = easily 轻易地 = quickly 迅速地

186. refine = improve = perfect 完善

187. reflect = indicate指出

188. refuge = protected 保护

189. regime=government政体

190. rekindled = renewed 恢复

191. relatively = comparatively 相对地

192. reluctantly = unwillingly 不情愿地

193. remnants = remainders = remains 剩余物

194. remote = isolated 偏僻的，疏远的

195. renewed=restored修复，恢复

196. replenished = restored 重新装满

197. resolve = settle 解决

198. respective = in the order presented 各自的，分别的

199. retarding = slowing 迟滞，延迟

200. revealed = showed 显示

201. ringed=surrounded环绕

202. rival = competing 敌对的，竞争的

203. roughly = approximately 大约

204. routinely = often 通常地

205. rudimentary = primitive = simple 基础的，初步的，未发展的

206. sabotage = intentionally damage 故意破坏

207. scenario = version of events 情境，情节

208. sculpt = shape 雕刻

209. seldom = rarely 很少

210. signifying = indicating 表明

211. soared = increased dramatically = surge = sudden increase 激增

212. sophisticated = highly developed 发达的

213. sophistication = complexity 复杂性

214. stagnation = lack the growth 停滞

215. stamina = endurance 耐力

216. stance = posture 站立姿势

217. steadily = at an unvarying rate稳定地

218. strictly = exist in aquatic environments only （语境）只，仅仅，严格意义上说

219. subsequent = later = succeeding = following 随后的

220. subsistence=survival生存

221. subtly = slightly 轻微地

222. suitable = appropriate 合适的

223. surplus = extra = excess 额外的

224. suspended = floating 悬浮

225. suspicion = distrust = skepticism=doubt =thought it likely  怀疑

226. sustain = support 支持，承受

227. sustain=continue = maintain = keep = preserve 保持，维持 = support 支撑

228. synthesizing = combining 合成

229. tactic = strategy 策略

230. tending=taking care of 照料

231. theoretically = in principle 理论上

232. thriving = prosperous 繁荣的

233. ties =connections 联系

234. unfavorable =negative不利的

235. unprecedented = previously unequaled 空前的，前所未有的

236. upheaval = disorder 剧变，动荡

237. vanishes = disappears 消失

238. vicinity = neighborhood = surrounding 临近，周边地区

239. vigorous = energetic 活跃的 = lively有活力的 = strong 强烈的

240. virtually = nearly 几乎

 

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